| UWB Compliance | Support for IEEE 802.15.4 UWB physical-layer operation and regional radio regulations | IEEE 802.15.4-2020; applicable FCC, ETSI, or local spectrum requirements | Reduces interoperability and certification risk across sites | Review radio documentation, certification records, and regional channel support |
| Ranging Accuracy | Target decimeter-level location performance in controlled line-of-sight conditions | Approximately 10–30 cm under favorable conditions; accuracy decreases with obstruction, multipath, and poor geometry | Supports worker positioning, asset tracking, and vehicle-zone control | Measure known reference points across open, obstructed, and high-multipath areas |
| Downlink Architecture | Support scheduled, bidirectional, or time-synchronized downlink communication between infrastructure and mobile nodes | Two-way ranging, time-difference-of-arrival, or time-of-flight-based positioning | Enables centralized coordination and predictable update timing | Test packet scheduling, synchronization stability, latency, and node scaling |
| Security | Use authenticated ranging and AES-128-based cryptographic protection with secure key management | AES-128; IEEE 802.15.4z enhanced ranging can help mitigate distance-manipulation attacks | Protects location data and reduces spoofing and unauthorized-device risks | Perform key-rotation review, replay testing, access-control testing, and penetration assessment |
| Power Efficiency | Provide configurable ranging intervals, deep sleep, duty cycling, and low-power idle modes | Battery life depends on radio duty cycle, update rate, transmit power, MCU load, and battery capacity | Determines maintenance frequency for tags, tools, and mobile equipment | Record current consumption in sleep, receive, transmit, and active-ranging states |
| Update Rate and Latency | Offer application-configurable updates, with low-latency modes for safety-sensitive workflows | Common deployments use update intervals from sub-second operation to several seconds, depending on scale and power limits | Balances smooth tracking with network capacity and battery life | Measure end-to-end latency, jitter, packet loss, and refresh consistency under peak load |
| Coverage and Site Geometry | Use sufficient anchors with overlapping coverage and appropriate geometry for the operating zone | Practical range varies with antenna design, transmit limits, building materials, and interference; indoor deployments commonly require multiple anchors per zone | Poor anchor placement can cause location drift even when radio performance is strong | Complete a radio survey and validate accuracy at corners, aisles, doorways, and obstruction points |
| Interference Management | Provide channel planning, time-slot coordination, and coexistence controls | UWB uses very wide bandwidth and low power spectral density, but performance can still be affected by obstructions, multipath, and network congestion | Maintains reliability in dense factories, warehouses, and logistics areas | Test simultaneous tags, nearby wireless systems, metal structures, and moving machinery |
| Environmental Durability | Select enclosure, connector, and mounting specifications appropriate for dust, moisture, vibration, and temperature | Typical industrial designs may target IP-rated protection and extended-temperature operation; exact ratings must be verified per device | Reduces failures in production floors, cold storage, yards, and outdoor transfer areas | Check IP, temperature, vibration, shock, and chemical-resistance test reports |
| System Integration | Provide documented APIs, time synchronization, event interfaces, and secure data export | Common integration paths include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, cellular backhaul, MQTT, REST APIs, and industrial middleware | Allows location data to connect with MES, WMS, SCADA, safety, and fleet systems | Validate API stability, timestamp accuracy, data retention, and failure recovery |
| Scalability | Scale anchors and tags without unacceptable packet loss, latency, or battery impact | Capacity is governed by ranging protocol, update rate, channel reuse, time-slot design, and gateway processing | Important for phased deployment across multiple production zones | Run staged load tests using the expected peak number of active devices |
| Deployment and Maintenance | Support remote configuration, signed firmware updates, health monitoring, and anchor calibration tools | Operational requirements include device inventory, battery status, clock health, connectivity, and configuration backup | Shortens commissioning time and improves long-term serviceability | Review the complete lifecycle process from installation and calibration to replacement and decommissioning |
| Acceptance KPI | Define measurable thresholds before procurement and pilot deployment | Accuracy, availability, latency, packet-loss rate, battery life, security findings, and maintenance workload | Creates an objective basis for comparing solutions without relying on brand claims | Use a representative pilot lasting long enough to capture normal traffic, seasonal conditions, and operational exceptions |